AMA 引用格式详解
英文学术写作有众多文献引用格式，部分期刊杂志也会指定某种论文引用格式。因此在发表学术论文时，无论采用哪种格式，都应先参考相关期刊杂志的文献引用要求，及其写作规范。目前在英语国家中使用最广泛的引用系统有：
The Harvard System（澳洲和英国广泛使用）
Chicago System（简略版被称作Turabian 格式）
Modern Language Association of America (MLA)
American Psychological Association (APA)
American Medical Association (AMA)
National Library of Medicine（NLM）
今天，小编为大家介绍在医学期刊杂志中经常使用的美国医学会(American Medical Association，AMA）文献格式。当然对文献引用的介绍也不能做到面面俱到，大家可以参考AMA Manual of Style (tenth edition)获取更多信息。
This guide is meant to provide basic examples of the AMA citation style. As this guide does not include every example possible, please consult the AMA Manual of Style (tenth edition) for a more extensive understanding of AMA citation.
AMA引用规范第十版通则：
1. 每条文献按照在文章中引用的顺序列出；
2. 最多包含6位作者，少于6位作者时，列出全部作者姓名；
3. 多于6位作者的，列出前3位作者加“et al.”;
4. 如果没有作者，以文章标题写起；
5. 学术期刊（期刊、杂志、报纸）刊名应使用其缩略格式著录，可以通过LocatorPlus官网在国家医学图书馆搜索期刊刊名，核对缩写。
General rules from the 10th edition：
Items are listed numerically in the order they are cited in the text
Include up to 6 authors, and for less than 6, provide the names of all the authors
For more than six, provide the names of the first three authors and then add et al
If there is no author, start with the title
Periodicals (journals, magazines, and newspapers) should have abbreviated titles; to check for the proper abbreviation, search for the Journal Title through LocatorPlus at the National Library of Medicine website
02 参考文献引用示例
Book—Single Author
格式：
1. Author. Book Title. Edition number (2nd edition or above). City, State (or Country) of publisher: Publisher’s name; copyright year.
例子:
1. Snell RS. Clinical Anatomy by Regions. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012.
Book—Multiple Authors
格式：
2. First Author, Second Author [if there are more than six authors, use “et al.” after the third author]. Book Title. Edition number [2nd edition or above]. City, State (or Country) of publisher: Publisher’s name; copyright year.
例子:
2. Shamus E, Stern DF. Effective Documentation for Physical Therapy Professionals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011.
Book—Editor
格式:
3. Author(s), eds. Book Title. Edition number [2nd edition or above]. City, State (or Country) of publisher: Publisher’s name; copyright year.
例子:
3. O’Sullivan SB, Schmitz TJ, eds. Physical Rehabilitation. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company; 2007.
Chapter or Article within a Book
格式:
4. Author(s) of article. Title of article. In: Editor’s name(s), ed(s). Book Title. Edition number [2nd edition or above]. City, State (or Country) of publisher: Publisher’s name; copyright year:Chapter or page number.
例子:
4. Solensky R. Drug allergy: desensitization and treatment of reactions to antibiotics and aspirin. In:Lockey P, ed. Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 2004:585-606.
Article from a Print Journal—One Author
格式:
5. Author. Title of article. Abbreviated Journal Title. Year;Volume:Inclusive page numbers.
例子:
5. Lobach DF. Clinical informatics: supporting the use of evidence in practice and relevance to physical therapy education. J Phys Ther Educ. 2004;18:24-34.
Article from a Print Journal—Two or More Authors
格式:
6. Author(s) of article. Title of article. Abbreviated Journal Title. Year;Volume:Inclusive page numbers.
例子:
6. Crompton J, Imms C, McCoy AT, et al. Group-based task-related training for children with cerebral palsy: a pilot study. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2007;27:43-65.
Article from an Online Journal—DOI (digital object identifier) available
格式:
7. Author. Title of article. Abbreviated Journal Title. Year;vol(issue):pages. doi:xx.xxxx.
例子:
7. Subauste CS. Autophagy as an antimicrobial strategy. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2009;7(6):743-752. doi:10.1586/eri.09.41.
Article from an Online Journal—no DOI available
格式:
8. Author. Title of article. Abbreviated Journal Title. Year;vol(issue):pages. URL. Published date.Updated date. Accessed date (will often be the only date available).
例子:
8. Bouwer M, Goosen TC, Rheeders M. Drug-drug interaction after single oral doses of the furanocoumarin methoxsalen and cyclosporine. J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;46(7):768-775. http://go.galegroup.com.prx- usa.lirn.net/ps/i.doid=GALE%7CA148007854&v=2.1&u=lirn_crevc&it=r&p=EAIM&sw=w. Accessed November 13, 2012.
Article—Epub ahead of Print (follow either the with or without DOI model above)
格式:
9. Author. Title of article [published online Publication Date]. Abbreviated Journal Title. Year;vol(issue):pages. URL. Published date. Updated date. Accessed date.
例子：
Web Page
格式:
10. Author or responsible body. Title of item cited. Name of website. URL. Published date. Updated date. Accessed date.
例子:
10. American Physical Therapy Association. Professionalism. American Physical Therapy Association. http://www.apta.org/Professionalism/. Published June 2007. Updated March 25 2011. Accessed November 13 2012.
Other Media
格式:
11. Author. Title [format]. City, State (or Country) of Publisher: Publisher; Year.
例子:
11. Hillman SK. Interactive Functional Anatomy. London: Primal Pictures Ltd; 2011.
上面我们提到了在文末参考文献中的引用规范。那么在文中该如何引用呢？不像APA或者MLA引用格式，AMA的格式不需要在文内引用中写出作者的姓氏，而是要在引用文章时给每个引用做好编号。同时，编号的顺序应与文章参考文献的顺序一致。下面的例子中，第一篇引用的文章在上标中标记数字1，在参考文献部分，与之匹配的文章也应标记数字1.
Unlike APA or MLA, you will not use the author’s last name for the in-text citations. Instead, you will number each instance when you are referencing an article. The order of numbering will be contingent on the order in which you use that reference within your paper. In the example below, the first article referenced is given the number one in superscript. In the References section, you will find the matching article listed as number 1.
注意：
1. 可以使用逗号分隔文本中多个引用编号，例如参考文献2和3。对于未出版的作品或者个人通信文章应在文中引用，不可以在参考文献的列表中引用。
2. 上标应置于句号和逗号之外，冒号和分号之内。
3. 引用同一篇文献次数超过一次时，只需要给出原始引用的编号，并在圆括号中标记检索信息的页码。
Use commas to separate multiple citation numbers in text, like you see between references 2 and 3. Unpublished works and personal communications should be cited in the text (and not on the reference list).1 Superscript numbers are placed outside periods and commas, and inside colons and semicolons. When citing the same source more than once, give the number of the original reference, then include the page number (in parentheses) where the information was found.
