肺癌目前已成为全球范围内癌症相关的主要死亡原因之一。虽然美国癌症病死率自1991年至2017年下降了29%,但根据最新的数据,肺癌仍然是男性和女性癌症相关死亡排名第一的恶性肿瘤[1]。此外,在中国,肺癌目前也是癌症相关的主要死亡原因[2]。小细胞肺癌(small cell lung caner,SCLC)约占肺癌的14%~20%,其因为生长速度快、早期即发生转移以及神经内分症状而成为预后最差的肺癌亚型[3,4,5]。在TNM分期系统的基础上,SCLC分期还常常采用局限期(limited-stage,LS)和广泛期(extended-stage,ES)分期的方式。局限期被定义为Ⅰ~Ⅲ期(任何T分期,任何N分期,M0)并可以明确应用的化疗和放疗进行治疗的期别;广泛期被定义为Ⅳ期患者或因过于广泛分布的小结节而所致的T3~T4分期,或肿瘤或结节体积过大导致一个放疗野无法完全涵盖的期别。
19世纪60年代的进行的前瞻性随机对照临床试验提示对于SCLC病例,放疗优于手术治疗[6],而后来于80年代进行的另一项前瞻性随机对照临床试验也证实,对于局限期SCLC在进行新辅助治疗后,进一步手术治疗并不能延长生存期[7],基于这两项临床试验,在SCLC治疗中一直采用非手术治疗尤其以化疗为主的综合治疗方式。最新的指南中,手术也仅仅推荐用于Ⅰ~ⅡA(T1~2N0M0)期别的患者。但在SCLC多学科治疗(multi-disciplinary treatment,MDT)的临床实践中,手术治疗并没有被充分重视,甚至有时处于被忽略的尴尬境地。一项基于美国国家数据库(national cancer database, NCDB)数据的研究发现,SCLC患者手术切除率在上升,但仍有2/3潜在适于手术的患者未能接受手术治疗[8]。本文章以近十年关于SCLC手术治疗研究的文章为基础,回顾综述手术治疗在SCLC治疗中所取得的进展。
一、术前评估
既往研究认为可切除的SCLC占4%~12%[9],近期基于NCDB数据的研究表明这一比例仅约5%[10]。SCLC的术前诊断相对来说是一件比较困难的事情,尤其是对于手术可切除的患者。SCLC因其生长迅速的缘故,肿瘤内常常出现坏死。这对于目前体检发现的肺部结节的SCLC患者来说,术前明确病理诊断的难度较大[11]。同时,SCLC常常混合非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的亚型,这就更加增加了术前病理明确诊断的难度[12]。有研究发现,SCLC混合NSCLC亚型发生率依次为大细胞神经内分泌癌、腺癌、腺鳞癌以及梭形细胞肿瘤[13]。除了术前明确病理诊断,术前对于分期的准确评估也很重要。目前的指南推荐LS期SCLC患者行有创手段(纵隔镜、正中开胸活检、胸腔镜,或支气管或试管内超声引导下穿刺活检)对纵隔淋巴结分期进行准确评估。Yang等[14]的研究发现PET/CT可以作为SCLC术前分期的工具,其所评估的临床分期与术后的病理分期具有较好的一致性,而分期的差异主要是由于淋巴结分期的升高所致,在该研究中,术前行PET/CT进行评估的患者其术前临床分期与术后病理分期的不一致的发生率较其他方式评估的患者明显下降(24.4%对43.8%,P=0.032)。Chenesseau等[11]的回顾性研究发现,即使是术前无法明确病理的SCLC患者,在接受手术治疗后,仍可获得33%的总生存(OS),这一数据与NCDB的生存数据基本一致。
二、Ⅰ~ⅡA期
手术切除是目前指南对这一期推荐的首选治疗方式,近期的研究也对这一期别手术治疗的效果进行了进一步的探究。与目前指南吻合的是,目前的研究结果均发现手术能够改善Ⅰ~ⅡA(T1~2N0M0)期的预后[15,16,17,18]。目前这一期别研究的重点在于术后的辅助治疗对于预后的影响,这一点将在后面的部分进行讨论。
三、ⅡB~Ⅲ期
这一期别的SCLC的患者虽然也属于局限期,但指南上关于该期别的治疗推荐为化放疗为主的治疗方式,因此仅有很少一部分患者接受了手术治疗[19]。但近期有越来越多关于手术治疗SCLC的研究开始关注到了这一期别。
近期大多数关于ⅡB期SCLC的研究均发现手术能够改善患者预后[20,21,22],Zhao等[22]的研究发现接受了手术治疗的Ⅰ期与Ⅱ期SCLC患者5年生存率无明显差异(63.8%对65.5%),这说明即使出现了肺门淋巴结的转移,手术治疗仍可使SCLC患者获益。在Takei等[23]的回顾性研究中,ⅡB期患者术后5年生存率为40%,中位生存34~39个月。此外,淋巴结阴性的ⅡB期患者预后更好[10]。与ⅡB期相似,Ⅲ期的接受了手术治疗的患者期预后也得到改善。近期的研究中,不论是单中心[24,25,26,27]还是大样本数据库[10,14,20,28]的研究,均发现Ⅲ期SCLC患者可从手术治疗当中获益。上述研究中,Zhang等[28]的研究发现,在倾向性匹配前后,接受手术治疗的Ⅲ期SCLC患者预后均优于未手术患者,并在多因素分析中证实,手术治疗是预测Ⅲ期SCLC患者预后的对立预后因素。Liu等[15]的meta分析也发现了对于Ⅱ~Ⅲ期患者,手术能够带来生存获益。
虽然近期的研究大多数发现手术能够改善ⅡB~Ⅲ期患者预后,但仍然有一些不同的发现值得关注。Barnes等[29]对3项临床随机对照研究[6,7,30]所进行的回顾性分析中,并未发现手术能够使SCLC患者获益。不过需要注意的是,上述3项研究的结果分别发表于1973、1994和1995年,其所使用的肿瘤分期方法、手术治疗手段和放化疗方案均与目前的情况存在着较大的差异。在近10年的研究中,Xu等[18]研究发现只有ⅡB期的患者未从手术中获益。Jin等[31]的研究还发现,对比放疗,手术治疗ⅡB期患者预后没有明显改善。Chen等[32]所进行的单中心回顾性研究中,虽然手术能够提高疾病的局部控制率,但并未发现病理分期Ⅱ~Ⅲ期的患者能够从手术治疗中获益,同样的,一项基于NCDB数据的研究也未发现手术能够改善Ⅱ~ⅢA期的预后[33]。
四、Ⅳ期
由于[32]期患者属于广泛期,患者确诊时即出现肿瘤转移或肿瘤体积过大的而无无法切除情况,此种情况下接受手术治疗的患者非常罕见。Xu等[18]基于"监测、流行病学和结果(surveillance,epidemiology,and end results,SEER)"数据库的研究中,纳入了145例Ⅳ期接受手术治疗的SCLC患者,该研究发现Ⅳ期患者接受手术治疗后OS仅较非手术延长组延长了4个月。
五、挽救性手术
SCLC在放化疗治疗后仍然会出现局部进展的情况,且这一情况并不少见。有研究报道在局限期阶段的SCLC在放化疗治疗后局部进展的概率高达36%~52%[34,35,36]。近期已有关于NSCLC放化疗后局部进展后续治疗的研究[35,36,37,38],但是对于SCLC的这一方面研究较缺乏。Nakanishi等[39]近期发表了关于此方面的研究,他们定义挽救性手术为在放化疗后超过12周后,为切除原有放疗区域残留病变或肿瘤原位复发所实施的手术,其手术指征为无淋巴结转移的局部病变残留或肿瘤原位复发的情况。研究中,入组的5例患者中,除1例患者术后因肿瘤进展死亡外,其余4例患者均获得了长期无病生存,且中位生存期达42个月。
根据最新指南,对于T1~2N0M0期的SCLC推荐肺叶切除及纵隔淋巴结清扫或采样的手术方式,但在临床实践中,包括肺叶切除、肺段切除、楔形切除等切除范围在不同期别的SCLC中均有存在,近期也有部分研究关注到这一方面。
一、手术入路
随着麻醉技术、手术器械以及手术技巧的进步,微创手术在临床的应用越来越广泛,因此手术入路的入路是否会对SCLC患者预后造成影响也具有一定研究价值。Engelhardt等[33]的研究并未发现手术入路与预后存在相关性,但也有研究发现微创手术入路的患者预后更好[13]。
二、手术切除范围
在以往的临床实践中,解剖性肺叶切除是根治性手术的标准切除范围,但随着手术技术和器械的进步以及肺部小结节手术理念的发展,肺段切除、肺楔形切除等手术方式的应用也越来越多。近期有单中心回顾性研究证实Ⅰ~Ⅲ期SCLC患者接受解剖性肺叶切除的预后要优于其他手术方式(楔形切除或者全肺切除)[13,22],上述研究中纳入的病例数较少,分别为125例和205例,也有基于SEER数据库的研究证实Ⅰ~Ⅳ期的SCLC患者接受肺叶切除后预后最佳[18],该研究中共纳入了627例接受了手术治疗的SCLC患者。此外,近期也有meta分析证实了上述发现[15]。随着影像学检查和手术手段的进步,亚肺叶切除在早期NSCLC手术治疗中所占比例在逐渐增加[40],既往曾有研究发现T1N0M0期别的SCLC患者中,有33.4%接受了亚肺叶切除[8],Liu等[41]对于T1~2N0M0期别患者的研究数据与之相似(31%)[41],但目前研究发现对于Ⅰ~ⅡA期的患者肺叶切除仍然是更有利于预后的选择[42,43]。虽然Kawano等[44]的研究发现全肺切除的患者预后更差,但Yuequan等[45]的单中心研究中,对比了44例肺叶切除的患者和31例全肺切除的患者的预后数据,发现全肺切除的患者预后相对更好。关于亚肺叶切除与全肺切除后SCLC患者生存的比较,近期各项研究结果之间存在着不同,有研究发现全肺切除患者的OS要比楔形切除患者长[18,22,46],但也有研究的发现与之相反[27,47]。在一项涉及肺段切除与楔切这两种手术方式的比较的研究中,经过倾向性匹配之后,肺段切除的患者预后优于楔形切除的患者[41]。
三、淋巴结切除
目前发现手术对于N0~N2的SCLC患者预后均有改善[47],因此术中淋巴结的处理策略就变得比较重要。目前指南中对于淋巴结的处理策略推荐为清扫或者采样,但在临床实践中,这两者的预后存在着一定的差异。国际肺癌研究协会(international association for the study of lung cancer,IASLC)定义充分的淋巴结采样需包括至少3站纵隔淋巴结(包括第7组淋巴结)以及至少3站肺门或肺内淋巴结。根据目前的研究结果来看,淋巴结转移的情况、转移的站数、淋巴结转移率和转移数量均是可以影响SCLC患者预后的因素[22,48,49,50]。此外,在NSCLC患者中,隆凸下淋巴结的转移是影响预后的独立因素[51],这一点在SCLC中也得到了证实,Miyamoto等[52]的回顾性研究发现,隆凸下淋巴结转移的SCLC患者术后预后更差[52]。有学者认为隆凸下淋巴结为胸腔内各个脏器之间淋巴回流的共同通路[53],因此有人建议术中常规对隆凸下淋巴结进行清扫[49]。Ahmed等[54]的研究发现,淋巴结切除超过4个的患者预后更好。单中心和多中心的研究都证实,淋巴结升期可发生在最高20%的SCLC患者当中[26],由日本学者发起的研究发现这一比例可高达33%[55],因此有学者建议从这一角度来讲,术中对淋巴结进行系统的完整的切除十分必要的[11]。
一、Ⅰ~ⅡA期
对于Ⅰ~ⅡA期的SCLC患者,目前指南推荐术后辅助以铂类联合依托泊苷的化疗方案进行术后辅助治疗。近期的数据发现,Ⅰ期患者手术与否对于放化疗决定的制订并未明显影响[18]。近期Paximadis等[43]的研究发现Ⅰ期患者术后辅助化疗能够改善预后,但Zhao等[22]的研究发现,Ⅰ~Ⅱ期的患者术后加用辅助化疗并不能够使患者获益。此外还有研究发现术后是否加用辅助放疗对于预后的改善无明显差异[22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33],但也有研究发现术后加做放疗能够延长生存期[56]。目前关于该期别的患者术后治疗的主要争论点还在于是否该加用预防性颅脑放疗(prophylactic cranial irradiation,PCI)。由于该期别患者出现颅内转移的概率较低[57] ,目前指南暂未推荐术后应用PCI治疗。Uprety等[58]的研究发现,术后PCI能够改善预后。Yin等[59]一项纳入了Ⅱ~ⅢA期SCLC患者的研究中发现,术后PCI治疗能够改善上述期别的预后,但在这一研究中并未说明ⅡA期患者的比例。
二、ⅡB~Ⅲ期
目前的研究均证实,术后辅助化疗能够改善患者预后[18,22,60],且对于Ⅲ期的患者,术前辅助化疗能够改善患者预后[61]。Wong等[62]的研究发现,术后辅助放疗能够改善N0和N2期别SCLC患者的预后[62]。但近期有研究发现,对于手术实现R0切除的患者,术后辅助放疗并不能改善患者的预后[18,20]。Yin等[59]的研究发现,对于Ⅱ~ⅢA的患者,术后辅助PCI能够改善预后。
在SCLC患者中,超过70岁的患者约占1/3[3],且年龄是影响预后的独立因素[63,64,65]。目前在超过80岁高龄患者中有30%因治疗副作用、疗效不确定性以及预期寿命的降低等不选择任何积极的治疗方式[66],且超过65岁的患者已开始更不倾向于接受手术治疗[18]。现有的研究已证实,任何期别的高龄患者(≥80岁)在接受积极治疗后预后均有改善。随着手术技术的不断进步以及平均寿命的延长,年龄对于手术的限制在逐渐减弱。现在已有研究证实年龄超过80岁已不是Ⅰ期NSCLC患者的手术禁忌[67,68,69]。对于高龄SCLC患者是否适于手术,应在综合评估患者一般情况、肿瘤分期和预期获益之后做出决定。近期已有研究证实在75~79岁和80~84岁这两个年龄段的患者,手术是改善预后的独立因素[60],在Yang等[20]的研究中,60~70岁以及>70岁这两个年龄组的患者中也证实了这一点。由于身体一般情况、对于治疗预期的下降的原因,>65岁的患者更倾向于选择亚肺叶切除的手术方式[41]。
本文通过回顾近10年关于SCLC手术治疗的研究,对手术治疗在SCLC MDT中的应用进展进行了综述。目前看来,手术对于Ⅰ~Ⅳ期的SCLC均能够改善其预后,且在不同的手术方式中,肺叶切除+系统性淋巴结清扫是Ⅰ~Ⅱ期SCLC最佳的手术方式,对于Ⅲ~Ⅳ期SCLC来讲,改善预后最佳的手术方式仍存在争议。近期关于术后辅助放化疗以及PCI对于Ⅰ~ⅡA患者的意义尚有待商榷。Ⅱ~Ⅲ期患者术后辅助化疗能够改善患者预后,对于该期别放疗以及PCI对于改善预后意义的研究结果目前也无统一结论。年龄目前并不是手术禁忌证,且手术也可以使高龄患者获益。以往关于SCLC手术治疗的研究以单中心或多中心研究为主,近期基于大型肿瘤数据库的研究开始增多,但上述研究均为回顾性研究。虽然上述研究结果从不同角度证实了手术治疗在SCLC MDT中的地位,但因研究类型的自身缺陷而面临着证据级别不足的问题。期待未来能够有前瞻性的临床随机对照研究对手术之于SCLC治疗的意义进行进一步的探究,并对其在多学科治疗中的地位进行再次评估。
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